Gerbera, breeding, cultivation is the Asteraceae Gerbera genus Gerbera flower perennial herb, usually height 50-60cm, larger flowers, anniversary flowers, but then October to April the following year as flowering, flowering Yangtze River region is the annual May-June and October-November.
breeding
the Gerbera plants for the cross pollination, self sterile, stamens and pistils in the flower mature at different times, to get the seed to be artificial pollination, the seeds of future generations will happen variation. Type generally showed variation stalk become thin, soft, flower deformation is small, greatly reduced the value of cut flowers, cut flower varieties to today's hybrid breeding, and is polyploid, essentially no seed production, so currently only used for breeding seed propagation and plants species, generally do not directly used for large-scale production of cut flower species.
seed propagation of Gerbera not self-pollination, required artificial pollination, the seeds are small, life expectancy is only six months under low temperature at 0 ℃ and 1 year storage can be maintained, should be broadcast with on-demand. Spring from March to May, autumn from September to October. Planting or sowing in the nursery plot in the nursery tray, germination optimum temperature is 18 ℃ -20 ℃, 1 week after sowing germination,Discount UGG boots, low germination rate of about 50%. When the seedlings grow when 2-3 true leaves, transplant 1, in the maintenance shed in 2 months to the basin or planting in the field.
robust ramet growth and reproduction of adult plants of Gerbera Division propagation can be used, but the propagation coefficient is low, susceptible to pests and diseases, high algebraic division propagation, seedlings degradation, unstable quality, lower product rate, generally less used. Reproductive ramets per plant per year could be divided only 5-6 new plants, usually within 3-5 month. First, the mother plant to dig out of annual, then cut into several sub-rhizome plants, each child must be with the root and the bud of plants and then transplanted to planting beds or directly in the field. When not planted too deep, a little exposed soil to the root neck is appropriate.
Propagation of plants will be robust wedge, thick root and most of the interception, removal of leaves, cut out growing point, keep the root neck, and its planted in the planting box. Environmental conditions of temperature 22 ℃ - 24 ℃, relative humidity 70% -80%. Root of the neck will continue to grow after the leaf buds and adventitious bud formation cuttings. A mother plants to take cuttings can be repeated 3-4 times, a total of 10-20 cuttings can be taken. 3-4 weeks after cuttings can be a long root. Cutting time is best from March to April, the emergence of new strains that can bloom year.
tissue culture tissue culture propagation is the main form of gerbera, high quality seedlings, propagation speed, can be arranged to implement the annual plan is conducive to commercial production. Commonly used as a receptacle and pedicel explants. Bud differentiation medium was: MS + BA (10 mg / L) + IAA (0.5 mg / l); subculture proliferation medium was: MS + KT (10 mg / l); rooting medium was: 1/2MS + NAA (0.03 mg / L).
Gerbera explants induced budding, after 4-5 months of in vitro proliferation, can generate thousands of lines in vitro plants. Gerbera most suitable field transplanting period is April, when transplanting the seedlings produced in August can be a lot of flowers. Thus, budding callus should be completed in mid-October; No. 1 in vitro proliferation in mid-October to mid-November, after 1 month, to end in mid-February next year the 4th proliferation, then a period of 2 plantlets week long roots; long roots to the seedbed after transplanting, maintenance 1 month, and then moved to Daejeon in early April.
cut gerbera cultivation of many varieties, the petals are red, orange, yellow, pink, white, Mahogany and yellow, green, reddish brown and other colors on the market the past 1-2 years blowing
preparation before planting artificial culture soil cultivation of Gerbera, can significantly improve the yield and quality,UGG shoes, potting reference formula: 5 copies of humus, perlite, 2 parts peat, 3 parts, the production costs are relatively Cultivation higher. A field usually planted, planting location should be chosen to sunny places, at least more than 30 cm deep soil,cheap UGG boots, loose and fertile soil requires good ventilation, soil pH, 6.0-6.5, pH value should be adjusted too high, otherwise it will lead to yellow leaf color, growth weakened. Gerbera is a deep-rooted plants, well-developed root system can be extended vertical and horizontal distribution of soil in 1 m deep. So deep plowing soil preparation is required, the depth should be 25 cm or more. Shizujifei with site preparation, fertilization to every shed (350m2) 2,000 kg animal manure, chicken manure 600 kg, 100 kg of fertilizer, 50 kg ammonium bicarbonate. Application at the same time and Carbendazim Carbofuran 0.5 kg 0.3 kg. Note to the full maturity of organic fertilizer, basal fertilizer and soil mixture should be sufficient. Gerbera most afraid of water, it should be Takakuro greenhouse planting, planting furrow a groove made in the form of a ridge, ridge width of 40 cm, 30 cm wide ditch. In the 20 days before planting, the soil of the greenhouse with 40% formaldehyde fumigation, each canopy 9 liters of 40% formaldehyde plus 540 kg of water, evenly pour in the greenhouse, and then mulching week.
transplanting planting gerbera as the anniversary of the flowering plants, the best time to transplant in late March and early September, but conducive to the production and marketing perspective, it is best planted in spring and autumn flowering, entered into the flowering stage before the Spring Festival Winter Solstice. Avoid planting in September before. Seedling cultivation of Gerbera speed, the best replacement for two years to ensure production quality and quantity of flowers. In the nursery beds, to be carried out seedlings grow to 5-6 leaf planting, pay attention to shallow planting, avoid planting too deep root Simiao cause bad after planting should be irrigated. Rigorous selection process when planting seedlings, generally of high quality seedlings, can also be a robust year old seedlings of transplanted ramets in strict accordance with pre-planned plot and spacing planting planting, planting should pay attention to the root of the neck a little bit exposed in the soil to prevent the roots decay, that is irrigated after transplanting, pay attention to holding moisture.
management after planting is a thermophilic gerbera flowers, the optimum temperature of 15 ℃ -25 ℃, 25 ℃ or higher than the slow growth below 15 ℃, 30 ℃ above the plants in a semi-dormant state . In early July to late August during the cool shade net cover 50-70 purpose, to avoid strong sunlight burning fire. Before the onset of winter cold in the shed to cover the film, good insulation work carried out in the clear day ventilation and cooling should reduce the greenhouse humidity, ventilation time is normally 9:30 to 13:00 for. As early November after the temperature dropped further, the greenhouse heat seal the second layer film. This makes the studio more than the temperature maintained at 13 ℃. At low temperature should be 10 points during the day into the studio after administration, well before 3 pm tectorial membrane insulation work. Gerbera flowers for the happy light, full light in winter needs, but should be adequate shade in summer, lower the temperature increase ventilation to prevent heat induced dormancy. Gerbera Naifei, afraid wet conditions in the annual production of fertilizer once every two weeks, in order to improve the quality of cut flowers should be properly enhanced phosphorus, potassium and manganese, boron, copper and other fertilizer. Survival of new seedlings after planting should be appropriate Dunmiao water control, fertilizer application to the principle of thin manure handling facilities; seedlings were planted 45 days to enter into a vigorous growth of seedlings, growth period, every 7-10 days to grow a new leaf, root developed and strong water uptake. In the fertilizer and water management, to supply adequate water to maintain moist substrate, the nitrogen-based fertilizer, properly enhanced phosphorus, potassium and calcium, magnesium, iron and other elements; 3-4 months after planting in blossom, and flowers early due to nutrient accumulation of small, thin and weak flowers, commodity rate, should not leave flowers, flower buds should be removed in a timely manner to maintain the balance of plant nutrient supply, but also timely removal of mosaic, yellow leaves and diseased leaves to prevent nutrient consumption, to maintain the general Meike 25 leaves or so. Should increase the formal fertilizer supply before flowering to promote strong flower stem diameter, and timely adjustment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio, increasing potassium, the plants strong and healthy, nutrient storage after the water supply should be sufficient enough, not from the leaves when watering flower water cluster center, or easily cause disease occurrence. General requirements about a week, watering every 5-9 months time, October to April the following year water once every 2 weeks. When the leaves are too close, you must plant the outer layer of old leaves, diseased leaves promptly removed to improve ventilation and light conditions, reduce pest damage, is conducive to the growth of new leaves. Also the growth of leaves often under pressure to promote the development of flower buds to improve the cut flower production. To prevent heart rot seedlings, transplanting seedlings when the root of the neck to expose the surface, but with the plant growth on the root of the neck move, combined with watering the soil washed away, resulting in unstable state lines, affecting the growth of plants and flowers harvesting, so require regular management communication, fixed on the soil mulch plants.
by pest control greenhouse cultivation, due to years of continuous cropping, if not properly managed, the incidence of pests and diseases will be increased year by year, seriously affecting the production efficiency. Do to prevent the pest control based on integrated prevention and control combined with growing attention to the environment in addition to outside air, clean shed every spring, disinfection must be prepared to reduce the Insect strain. Generally occurs pharmaceutical major diseases and insect pests are as follows.
pest mites tarsal Line: This is the biggest pest threat Gerbera, their breeding fast and difficult to control. The tarsal line mites harm plants, leaf curl, hardening, flowers can not start properly, can be used propargite, dicofol, isocarbophos, insecticidal factors, such as alternating pyridaben control. Thrips: Thrips damage plants by slow growth, have white petals, fading, can be clear and efficient thistle aphids, thrips, etc. spiritual control. Leaf miner: feeding adults damage the leaves of small white dots, white larvae feeding on the leaves against the tunnel, can be used to prevent and treat Ai Fuding. Aphids: chlorosis of leaves damaged by discoloration, waste tends to breed fungi, aphid lice must be used, such as the Control Master Dan. Whitefly: This worm propagation fast, great harm, damage and residual coal blade tilting in the leaves can be used efficiently clear thistle aphids, leafhoppers scattered, swept off to prevent and treat such benefit. Prevention and treatment is usually once a week application, and even application of 3 times, but be careful not to allow flowers on the pesticide spray to the flowers, because the impact of pesticides on flower color, flowers damaged goods traits.
disease epidemic: the disease mainly by rhizomes, petioles fracture caused by Fusarium invasion, soil humidity-prone, the incidence of black rot when the leaf stems, causing wilting plant death can Tuobu Jin, enemy grams pine and other Guangen treatment. Cervical blight: onset of flowers smaller, deformed, the top parts of stems dry, mancozeb or streptomycin can control. Leaf spot: plant injury leaves and flowers have gray spots or patches, and in severe plaque even into a film can be removed clean out the shed and timely destruction of diseased leaves and used Tuobu Jin, general bacteria grams, chlorothalonil and other prevention and treatment.
postharvest treatment for post-harvest handling the vase life of Gerbera is very important, without post-harvest handling is very short vase life of Gerbera. Gerbera postharvest handling, including several links below.
mining cut gerbera harvest time directly affects its vase life. General requirements for plant growth so strong, upright flower stalk, ligulate corolla petals form a complete, and at least two clearly visible when the androecium ring off cut. Avoid wilting plants or night in the semi-closed state, harvest flowers. Will shorten the vase life of flowers too early. This is because premature harvesting, the outer edge of the energy stored in flowers is not enough to complete its development. When flowers do not cut off the flower stalk, as part left after cutting will rot and infect the roots of the sensitive, but also inhibit the germination of new buds. After finishing picked flowers, trim the bottom of the stalk cut 2-4cm is best not to use scissors, because that will squeeze the xylem, it should be the tool with a sharp bevel, it is best cut in the water, because the flowers have the air may be sucked into the suction catheter and prevent the flowers. Pedicel is very narrow at the bottom of xylem formed on the Water transport has hindered, cut out, the flowers in water more easily, which the Ministry for the stem to avoid cracking and bending is very important.
pre-cut gerbera flower is the main problem encountered in the stems break easily, and produce to rot. After harvest, cut flowers, flower stalk should be immediately immersed in a bucket, and transported to a cool place. And buckets of water used to be very clean, cleaned and disinfected before each use to be to prevent the growth of bacteria, because bacteria can not plug the tube leaving flowers in water. Pretreatment process, the pH value of water use chlorine (bleach) was adjusted to 3.5-4.0. High pH, bacteria will create an ideal living conditions. Bleach both reduce water pH, but also sterilization, in which the calcium chloride can also play a role in extending the life of cut flowers. The addition of bleach to 50-100mg / L is appropriate, the processing time can not exceed 4 hours. Processing time is too long will stalk damage, characterized by pedicel brown markings or color appears to be bleached. For a long time processing, to reduce the concentration of bleaching powder, up to 25mg / L as low as 3mg / L. Disposal site of the sunlight can not have, or will a useful component of the decomposition of bleaching powder and failure. Silver nitrate can also be used for fresh or aluminum sulfate solution treatment, water treatment agent 30 mg per liter or 25 mg of silver nitrate, aluminum sulfate, the processing time is 2 hours. Before dealing with the head should stalk about 3-6 cm, reddish-brown appearance of the part cut off, revealing up to a catheter is not clogged up.
preservation solution after pre-treatment, the flower stalk immersed in preservation solution to deal with 6-24 hours of processing, more conducive to flower pedicel immersed in water absorption, and its length 10-15cm is good; flowers because of the ambient temperature is too high excessive transpiration of water lost to 10 ℃ -15 ℃ for good. Water will cause the loss of the aging Gerbera flower, so the entire post-harvest processing are required to avoid drying and hair. Better to the environment to 70% relative humidity. In addition, the preservation solution process, we must guard against the dangers of Cut by ethylene, ethylene is a hormone of aging will shorten the vase life of gerbera. Truck engine exhaust emissions, containing ethylene, so the loading process, should the truck engine turned off. Gerbera preservation solution consists of the following composition: sucrose, 3g / L, citric acid 150mg / L, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4 · 7H2O) 75mg / L. Sucrose to provide energy for the process of Gerbera preservation, but also to promote flower water. Citric acid, pH value decreased preservation solution, thereby preventing the breeding of germs.
packing and shipping in the transport process, the temperature dropped to 6 ℃ -9 ℃, will delay the flowers of life activity, save energy. Gerbera preferably 70 cm × 40 cm × 30 cm rectangular box packaging, to avoid moving in transit due to broken cardboard packaging can be reused, but not too frequent, to prevent the breeding of bacteria. Transported to the destination after the bottom of gerbera flower stalk becomes dry, use a clean knife, a little oblique to the stalk,UGGs, and then immersed in clean, fresh fluid, without preservation solution, you can also use low concentrations of bleach solution
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